Git的發(fā)展史

Linus在1991年創(chuàng)建了開源的Linux，從此全世界的工程師參與了Linux的開發(fā)，期初Linus是通過手動diff的方式進行代碼審核和合并的，后來BitKeeper的東家BitMover公司出于人道主義精神，授權Linux社區(qū)免費使用這個版本控制系統(tǒng)。安定團結的大好局面在2005年就被打破了，原因是Linux社區(qū)牛人聚集，不免沾染了一些梁山好漢的江湖習氣。開發(fā)Samba的Andrew試圖破解BitKeeper的協(xié)議（這么干的其實也不只他一個），被BitMover公司發(fā)現(xiàn)了（監(jiān)控工作做得不錯?。?，于是BitMover公司怒了，要收回Linux社區(qū)的免費使用權。Linus花了兩周時間自己用C寫了一個分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)，這就是Git！一個月之內，Linux系統(tǒng)的源碼已經由Git管理了！如果當時BitMover公司專門為Linux發(fā)布一個社區(qū)版，也許這家公司也就名垂青史了，可是當時這家公司思想境界沒那么高而且Linus也那么牛！

Ubuntu安裝Git

niko@niko-notebook:~$ sudo apt install git -y

Windows安裝Git

基本就是一路Next最后Finsh。

同一團隊協(xié)作開發(fā)

假定存在用戶A和用戶B，用戶A創(chuàng)建了一個遠程倉庫，然后遠程倉庫clone到本地，進行開發(fā)完成以后push到遠程倉庫。同時用戶B也在開發(fā)這個項目，首先用戶B將遠程倉庫clone到本地進行開發(fā)，完成后push到遠程倉庫，同時用戶A再pull遠程倉庫代碼同步項目。

跨團隊協(xié)作開發(fā)

假定存在兩個開發(fā)團隊A和B，開發(fā)團隊A的每個成員都擁有一個本地版本庫，但是需要開發(fā)團隊B協(xié)助開發(fā)，那么開發(fā)團隊會先fork一個遠程倉庫，接著開發(fā)團隊B的成員分別clone副本遠程倉庫到本地進行開發(fā)，然后push到副本遠程倉庫。完成后，開發(fā)團隊B向開發(fā)團隊A發(fā)出一個pull request請求，項目通過審核之后開發(fā)團隊A再merge副本庫到原始遠程庫，完成功能合并。

使用Git命令行

• 使用git init命令初始化一個新的項目

niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit/.git/

• 使用git init命令開始管理一個現(xiàn)有的項目

niko@niko-notebook:~$ mkdir StydyGit
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StydyGit/
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StydyGit/.git/

• 使用Git管理一個項目的時候會創(chuàng)建一下文件和目錄

niko@niko-notebook:~$ tree StudyGit -a
StudyGit
└── .git
  ├── HEAD
  ├── branches
  ├── config
  ├── description
  ├── hooks
  │  ├── applypatch-msg.sample
  │  ├── commit-msg.sample
  │  ├── fsmonitor-watchman.sample
  │  ├── post-update.sample
  │  ├── pre-applypatch.sample
  │  ├── pre-commit.sample
  │  ├── pre-push.sample
  │  ├── pre-rebase.sample
  │  ├── pre-receive.sample
  │  ├── prepare-commit-msg.sample
  │  └── update.sample
  ├── info
  │  └── exclude
  ├── objects
  │  ├── info
  │  └── pack
  └── refs
      ├── heads
      └── tags

10 directories, 15 files

在Git中有4個區(qū)，分別是工作區(qū)、暫存區(qū)、本地庫、遠程庫。我們項目開發(fā)就是在工作區(qū)工作，然后使用git add命令將工作區(qū)的代碼提交到暫存區(qū)，使用git commit命令將暫存區(qū)的文件提交到本地庫。Git的有一個代碼托管中心是GitHub，同樣國內還有Google Code，碼云等。

• 設置Git簽名

  項目級別（本地）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config user.name niko
  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config user.email niko@163.com

  系統(tǒng)級別（全局）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config –global user.name xvge
  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config –global user.email xvge@163.com

  簽名優(yōu)先級

  就近原則：項目優(yōu)先級高于系統(tǒng)優(yōu)先級

  項目級別的配置信息存放到項目目錄的.git/config文件中：

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cat .git/config[core]
      repositoryformatversion = 0
      filemode = true
      bare = false
      logallrefupdates = true
[user]
      name = niko
      email = niko@163.com

• 項目級別的配置信息存放到系統(tǒng)用戶目錄的.gitconfig文件中：

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cat ~/.gitconfig[user]
      name = xvge
      email = xvge@163.com

• 查看當前工作區(qū)的狀態(tài)（git status）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status  On branch master   # 當前所處的分支    No commits yet    nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)

  當創(chuàng)建一個新文件的時候，這個新的文件處于未被跟蹤的狀態(tài)：

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ echo "Hello, Git." > file.txt  # 創(chuàng)建一個文件  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status  On branch master    No commits yet    Untracked files:   # 列出未被追蹤的文件  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)          file.txt    nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

• 將工作區(qū)的文件提交到暫存區(qū)，使得Git可以跟蹤新文件（git add）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status  On branch master    No commits yet    Changes to be committed:    # 列出更改的文件  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)          new file:   file.txt

• 將暫存區(qū)的文件提交到本地庫（git commit）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "add file.txt"  [master (root-commit) 5f9adfe] add file.txt   1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)   create mode 100644 file.txt

• 查看提交日志（git log）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log  commit e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed (HEAD -> master)  # HEAD表示當前版本  Author: niko <niko@163.com>  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:34:38 2018 +0800        modifiy file.txt  # 提交的注釋信息    commit 5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95   # 40為16進制SHA-256值  Author: niko <niko@163.com>  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:16:20 2018 +0800        add file.txt

• 查看提交日志（git log）

  多次修改后的git log

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log  commit b4a54420dcea8d480b80797e032d8ed74b430a97 (HEAD -> master)  Author: niko <niko@163.com>  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:40:27 2018 +0800        modifiy file.txt    commit 17acb2424f04c7ec0298e0c59039d19bce8369b6  Author: niko <niko@163.com>  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:39:08 2018 +0800        add file3.txt    commit 80cbf7f5c44e0507439bd97a8976d28b746f4f45  Author: niko <niko@163.com>  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:38:26 2018 +0800        add file2.txt    commit e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed  Author: niko <niko@163.com>  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:34:38 2018 +0800        modifiy file.txt    commit 5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95  Author: niko <niko@163.com>  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:16:20 2018 +0800        add file.txt

  使用git log --pretty=oneline

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log --pretty=oneline  b4a54420dcea8d480b80797e032d8ed74b430a97 (HEAD -> master) modifiy file.txt  17acb2424f04c7ec0298e0c59039d19bce8369b6 add file3.txt  80cbf7f5c44e0507439bd97a8976d28b746f4f45 add file2.txt  e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed modifiy file.txt  5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95 add file.txt

  使用git log --oneline

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log --oneline  b4a5442 (HEAD -> master) modifiy file.txt  17acb24 add file3.txt  80cbf7f add file2.txt  e6442a4 modifiy file.txt  5f9adfe add file.txt

  使用git reflog

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog  b4a5442 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: modifiy file.txt  17acb24 HEAD@{1}: commit: add file3.txt  80cbf7f HEAD@{2}: commit: add file2.txt  e6442a4 HEAD@{3}: commit: modifiy file.txt  5f9adfe HEAD@{4}: commit (initial): add file.txt

• 版本回退（git reset）

  參數(shù)：

  git reset –soft 回退本地庫
  git reset –mixed 默認，回退暫存區(qū)、本地庫
  git reset –hard 回退暫存區(qū)、工作區(qū)、本地庫

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reset 80cbf7f

  git reset --soft圖示

git reset --mixed圖示

git reset --hard圖示

• 找回文件（git reset）

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls    # 查看file2.txt文件是否存在
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ rm -rf file2.txt  # 刪除file2.txt文件
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls  # 確保file2.txt文件已經刪除
file.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status  # 查看文件跟蹤狀態(tài)
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use “git add/rm <file>…” to update what will be committed)
(use “git checkout — <file>…” to discard changes in working directory)

      deleted:    file2.txt

no changes added to commit (use “git add” and/or “git commit -a”)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .  # 跟蹤當前狀態(tài)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “del file2.txt”  # 將代碼提交到本地庫
[master db6e563] del file2.txt
1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
delete mode 100644 file2.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog  # 查看形成一個版本信息db6e563
db6e563 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: del file2.txt
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{1}: commit: first reset
80cbf7f HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f
b4a5442 HEAD@{3}: commit: modifiy file.txt
17acb24 HEAD@{4}: commit: add file3.txt
80cbf7f HEAD@{5}: commit: add file2.txt
e6442a4 HEAD@{6}: commit: modifiy file.txt
5f9adfe HEAD@{7}: commit (initial): add file.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reset –hard bcf8ce2  # 回退到上一個版本
HEAD is now at bcf8ce2 first reset
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls    # file2.txt文件已經存在
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status    # 查看當前跟蹤狀態(tài)
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog  # 生成一個版本信息
bcf8ce2 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to bcf8ce2
db6e563 HEAD@{1}: commit: del file2.txt
bcf8ce2 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit: first reset
80cbf7f HEAD@{3}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f
b4a5442 HEAD@{4}: commit: modifiy file.txt
17acb24 HEAD@{5}: commit: add file3.txt
80cbf7f HEAD@{6}: commit: add file2.txt
e6442a4 HEAD@{7}: commit: modifiy file.txt
5f9adfe HEAD@{8}: commit (initial): add file.txt

• git diff

使用git diff –staged比較工作區(qū)與暫存區(qū)的不同。

使用git diff –cached比較暫存區(qū)與本地庫的不同。

分支管理

分支可以并行推進項目的開發(fā)，開發(fā)的某一個功能如果失敗不會影響項目整體。

• 查看分支（git branch -v）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v  * master bcf8ce2 first reset

• 創(chuàng)建分支（git branch branchName）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch hot_fix

• 切換分支（git checkout branchName）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git checkout hot_fix  Switched to branch 'hot_fix'  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v   # 星號所在分支就是當前分支  * hot_fix bcf8ce2 first reset  master  bcf8ce2 first reset

• 合并分支（git merge branchName）

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt  # 修改文件
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status      # 查看分支狀態(tài)
On branch hot_fix
Changes not staged for commit:
(use “git add <file>…” to update what will be committed)
(use “git checkout — <file>…” to discard changes in working directory)

      modified:  file3.txt

no changes added to commit (use “git add” and/or “git commit -a”)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .      # 添加到當前分支的跟蹤狀態(tài)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “fix bug by xvge”  # 提交代碼
[hot_fix 40376b9] fix bug by xvge
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git checkout master  # 切換到主分支
Switched to branch ‘master’
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git merge hot_fix    # 將hot_fix合并到master
Updating bcf8ce2..40376b9
Fast-forward
file3.txt | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git stataus        # 查看主分支狀態(tài)
git: ‘stataus’ is not a git command. See ‘git –help’.

The most similar command is
      status
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog  # 產生幾個新版本
40376b9 (HEAD -> master, hot_fix) HEAD@{0}: merge hot_fix: Fast-forward
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{1}: checkout: moving from hot_fix to master
40376b9 (HEAD -> master, hot_fix) HEAD@{2}: commit: fix bug by xvge
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{3}: checkout: moving from master to hot_fix
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{4}: reset: moving to bcf8ce2
db6e563 HEAD@{5}: commit: del file2.txt
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{6}: commit: first reset
80cbf7f HEAD@{7}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f
b4a5442 HEAD@{8}: commit: modifiy file.txt
17acb24 HEAD@{9}: commit: add file3.txt
80cbf7f HEAD@{10}: commit: add file2.txt
e6442a4 HEAD@{11}: commit: modifiy file.txt
5f9adfe HEAD@{12}: commit (initial): add file.txt

• 合并代碼時產生了沖突

# 修改master分支代碼
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v
hot_fix 40376b9 fix bug by xvge
* master  40376b9 fix bug by xvge
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “add festure by master”
[master cbd7ce1] add festure by master
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
# 修改hot_fix分支代碼
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v
* hot_fix 40376b9 fix bug by xvge
master  40376b9 fix bug by xvge
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “add feature by fix”
[hot_fix 6cceae3] add feature by fix
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
# 將master合并到hot_fix上
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v
* hot_fix 6cceae3 add feature by fix
master  cbd7ce1 add festure by master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git merge master
Auto-merging file3.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in file3.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
# 解決沖突
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt
Hi, FullStackDev.
fix this bug by xvge.
<<<<<<< HEAD
add festure by fix.
=======
add feature by master.
>>>>>>> master
# 提×××并
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “merge code by conflict”
[hot_fix 088f6c5] merge code by conflict

Git與GitHub遠程倉庫交互

• 創(chuàng)建遠程倉庫github.com，如果勾選Initialize this repository with a README選項可能首次推送失敗。

• 將GitHub地址保存到本地

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git

• 查看本地保存了什么地址

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git remote -v
origin  https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git (fetch)
origin  https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git (push)

• 將本地庫推送到遠程庫

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git push origin master
Username for ‘https://github.com’: xvGe
Password for ‘https://xvGe@github.com’:
Counting objects: 19, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (11/11), done.
Writing objects: 100% (19/19), 1.44 KiB | 52.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 19 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), done.
remote:
remote: Create a pull request for ‘master’ on GitHub by visiting:
remote:      https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit/pull/new/master
remote:
To https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git
* [new branch]      master -> master

• 克隆遠程庫（git clone）

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cd ../
niko@niko-notebook:~$ rm -rf StydyGit/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ git clone https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git
Cloning into ‘StudyGit’…
remote: Counting objects: 19, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done.

• 拉取遠程庫（git pull和git fetch）

niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit2  # 創(chuàng)建新項目
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit2/.git/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGit2/  # 進入項目目錄
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git#添加地址
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git fetch origin master  # 拉取項目
remote: Counting objects: 19, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done.
From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit
 * branch            master    -> FETCH_HEAD
 * [new branch]      master    -> origin/master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git branch -a    # 查看所有分支
  remotes/origin/master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git branch -r    # 查看遠程分支
  origin/master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git merge origin/master  # 合并分支
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ ls
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ cd ../    # 返回上層
niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit3  # 初始化一個項目
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit3/.git/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGit3/      # 進入項目目錄
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit3$ git pull https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git  # 拉取項目
remote: Counting objects: 19, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done.
From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit
 * branch            HEAD      -> FETCH_HEAD
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit3$ ls
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt

git fetch和git pull的區(qū)別是，前者會創(chuàng)建新分支，需要合并操作，但是更加安全；后者直接修改本地代碼。

跨團隊協(xié)作

• 遠程克隆倉庫

• 團隊拉取遠程倉庫修改并推送

niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGitHub
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGitHub/.git/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGitHub/
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git pull https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ ls
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ echo “Desgin by B” >> file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git commit -m “add code”
[master 09003b9] add code
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git push origin master
Username for ‘https://github.com’: xv-niko
Password for ‘https://xv-niko@github.com’:
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 274 bytes | 68.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), completed with 2 local objects.
To https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git
 cbd7ce1..09003b9  master -> master

• 發(fā)起pull requests

• 項目所有者團隊查看請求

• 合并代碼

• 所有者團隊合并到本地

niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ cd ../StudyGit
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit$ git pull origin master
remote: Counting objects: 4, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 2), reused 3 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit
* branch            master    -> FETCH_HEAD
 cbd7ce1..0ca0905  master    -> origin/master
Updating cbd7ce1..0ca0905
Fast-forward
file3.txt | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit$ cat file3.txt
Hi, FullStackDev.
fix this bug by xvge.
add feature by master.
Desgin by B

Git工作流

• 集中式工作流
• Git Flow（常用）

• Forking工作流

部署GitLab代碼托管服務器

yum clean all && yum repolist all
yum install -y curl policycoreutils-Python openssh-server
systemctl enable sshd
systemctl start sshd
firewall-cmd –permanent –add-service=http  # 如果開啟了防火墻執(zhí)行
systemctl reload firewalld                  # 如果開啟了防火墻執(zhí)行
yum install postfix -y
systemctl enable postfix
systemctl start postfix
curl -sS https://packages.gitlab.com/install/repositories/gitlab/gitlab-ce/script.rpm.sh | bash
EXTERNAL_URL=”http://gitlab.example.com” yum install -y gitlab-ce
gitlab-ctl reconfigure    # 配置服務器
gitlab-ctl start          # 啟動服務器

訪問服務器地址即可，GitLab服務器搭建指南：https://about.gitlab.com/installation/