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有時您可能想限制可以在參數(shù)化類型中用作類型參數(shù)的類型。 例如,對數(shù)字進(jìn)行操作的方法可能只希望接受Number或其子類的實(shí)例。 這就是有界類型參數(shù)的用途。
受限制參數(shù)類型的方法示例
要聲明有界類型參數(shù),請列出類型參數(shù)的名稱,后跟extends關(guān)鍵字,然后是其上限,在本例中為Number
請注意,在這種情況下,extends通常用于表示“擴(kuò)展”(如在類中)或“實(shí)現(xiàn)”(如在接口中)。
package generics; /** * 定義受限制的方法 * * @author psdxdgK1DT * */ public class Box<T> { private T t; public void set(T t) { this.t = t; } public T get() { return t; } /** * 通過修改我們的通用泛型方法以包含此有界類型參數(shù),現(xiàn)在編譯將失敗,因?yàn)槲覀儗nspect的調(diào)用仍包含String: * By modifying our generic method to include this bounded type parameter * compilation will now fail, since our invocation of inspect still includes a String: * inspect:單詞:檢查 * @param <U> * @param u */ public <U extends Number> void inspect(U u) { System.out.println("T:" + t.getClass().getName()); System.out.println("U:" + u.getClass().getName()); } public static void main(String[] args) { Box<Integer> integerBox = new Box<Integer>(); integerBox.set(new Integer("some text")); integerBox.inspect("some test");這里會出現(xiàn)預(yù)編譯錯誤 integerBox.inspect(10); } }
在顯示器上會出現(xiàn)紅色的波浪線表示編譯錯誤
如果強(qiáng)行編譯則會報錯:
program run result:
Exception in thread “main” java.lang.Error: Unresolved compilation problem: The method inspect(U) in the type Box is not applicable for the arguments (String)
at generics.Box.main(Box.java:36)
譯文:
未解決的編譯錯誤
Box類的inspect(U)方法不可應(yīng)用于(String)類型參數(shù)
使用受限類型參的類可調(diào)用受限邊界方法
除了限制可用于實(shí)例化泛型類型的類型外,有界類型參數(shù)還允許您調(diào)用在邊界中定義的方法:
//使用受限類型參數(shù)的類 public class NaturalNumber<T extends Integer> { private T n; public NaturalNumber(T n) { this.n = n; } public boolean isEven() { return n.intValue() % 2 == 0; } // ...
isEven方法通過n調(diào)用Integer類中定義的intValue方法。
多重受限邊界(Multiple Bounds)
The preceding example illustrates the use of a type parameter with a single bound, but a type parameter can have multiple bounds:
<T extends B1 & B2 & B3> A type variable with multiple bounds is a subtype of all the types listed in the bound. If one of the bounds is a class, it must be specified first. For example:
Class A { /* … / } interface B { / … / } interface C { / … */ }
class D <T extends A & B & C> { /* … */ } If bound A is not specified first, you get a compile-time error:
class D <T extends B & A & C> { /* … */ } // compile-time error
泛型算法
有界類型參數(shù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)泛型算法的關(guān)鍵。考慮下面的方法,該方法計算數(shù)組T[]中大于指定元素elem的元素數(shù)。
public static <T> int countGreaterThan(T[] anArray, T elem) { int count = 0; for (T e : anArray) if (e > elem) // compiler error ++count; return count; } The implementation of the method is straightforward, but it does not compile because the greater than operator (>) applies only to primitive types such as short, int, double, long, float, byte, and char. You cannot use the > operator to compare objects. To fix the problem, use a type parameter bounded by the Comparable<T> interface: public interface Comparable<T> { public int compareTo(T o); } The resulting code will be: public static <T extends Comparable<T>> int countGreaterThan(T[] anArray, T elem) { int count = 0; for (T e : anArray) //因?yàn)檫@里的T是受限制的類型參數(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了Comparable接口,于是可以使用接口的方法compareTo if (e.compareTo(elem) > 0) ++count; return count; }
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