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    1. 站長資訊網(wǎng)
      最全最豐富的資訊網(wǎng)站

      Ansible服務常用命令模塊詳細解析

      ansible可以使用命令行方式進行自動化管理,基本語法如下:

      ansible 主機名 -m 模塊名稱 -a 模塊特有參數(shù)

      ansible的命令行管理工具都是由一系列模塊、參數(shù)所支持的,可以在命令后面加上-h或–help獲取幫助。如使用ansible-doc -h或者ansible-doc –help查看其幫助信息

      ansible-doc是用來查看模塊幫助信息的工具,最主要的選項 -l用來列出可使用的模塊, -s用來列出某個模塊的描述信息和使用示例。

      以下是我列出yum模塊的描述信息和操作動作:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s yum
      – name: Manages packages with the `yum’ package manager
        yum:
            allow_downgrade:      # Specify if the named package and version is
                                    allowed to
                                    downgrade a maybe
                                    already installed
                                    higher version of
                                    that package.
                                    Note that setting
                                    allow_downgrade=T
                                    rue can make this
                                    module behave in
                                    a non-idempotent
                                    way.

      Ansible自帶了很多模塊,能夠下發(fā)執(zhí)行Ansible的各種管理任務。下面我列出一些較為常用的模塊。
      1 command模塊
      ansible管理工具使用-m選項來指定使用模塊,默認使用command模塊,即-m選項省略時會運行次模塊,用于在被管理主機上運行命令

      [root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s command
      – name: Executes a command on a remote node
        command:
            argv:                  # Allows the user to provide the command as a list
                                    vs. a string.
                                    Only the string
                                    or the list form
                                    can be provided,
                                    not both.  One or
                                    the other must be
                                    provided.
            chdir:                # Change into this directory before running the
                                    command.
            creates:              # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it
                                    already exists,
                                    this step *won’t*
                                    be run.

      ansible-doc -l    #列出所有已安裝的模塊 注:按q退出
      ansible-doc -s yum    #-s列出yum模塊描述信息和操作動作
      ansible 192.168.199.130 -m command -a ‘date’    #指定IP執(zhí)行date
      ansible web -m command -a ‘date’    #指定分類執(zhí)行date
      ansible all -m command -a ‘date’    #所有hosts主機執(zhí)行date
      ansible all -a ‘ls /’    #如果不加-m模塊,則默認運行command模塊

      下面我在ansible服務器上執(zhí)行‘date’命令來查看被管理主機的時間:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible all -a ‘date’
      192.168.199.131 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      2018年 10月 22日 星期一 22:35:53 CST

      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      2018年 10月 22日 星期一 22:35:53 CST

      2 cron 模塊
      Ansible中的cron模塊用于定義計劃任務。其中兩種狀態(tài)(state):present表示添加(省略狀態(tài)時默認使用),absent表示移除

      [root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s cron              #查看cron模塊信息
      – name: Manage cron.d and crontab entries
        cron:
            backup:                # If set, create a backup of the crontab before it
                                    is modified. The
                                    location of the
                                    backup is
                                    returned in the
                                    `backup_file’
                                    variable by this
                                    module.
      ……

      添加任務計劃:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m cron -a ‘minute=”*/1″ job=”/usr/bin/echo hehe” name=”test hehe”‘
      192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
          “changed”: false,
          “envs”: [],
          “jobs”: [
              “test hehe”
          ]
      }
      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘crontab -l’            #查看web主機的計劃性任務
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      #Ansible: test hehe
      */1 * * * * /usr/bin/echo hehe

      移除任務計劃:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m cron -a ‘name=”test hehe” state=absent’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “envs”: [],
          “jobs”: []
      }
      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘crontab -l’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

      3 user模塊
      ansible中的user模塊用于創(chuàng)建新用戶和更改,刪除已存在的用戶,其中name項用來指明創(chuàng)建的用戶名稱
      user模塊是請求的是useadd,userdel,usermod三個指令

      創(chuàng)建一個名為test01的用戶:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible all -m user -a ‘name=test01’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “comment”: “”,
          “create_home”: true,
          “group”: 1001,
          “home”: “/home/test01”,
          “name”: “test01”,
          “shell”: “/bin/bash”,
          “state”: “present”,
          “system”: false,
          “uid”: 1001
      }

      刪除test01用戶:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible all -m user -a ‘name=test01 state=absent’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “force”: false,
          “name”: “test01”,
          “remove”: false,
          “state”: “absent”
      }

      4 group 模塊
      ansible中的group模塊用于對用戶組進行管理
      group模塊請求的是groupadd,groupdel,groupmod三個指令

      [root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s group
      – name: Add or remove groups
       group:
       gid:                  # Optional `GID’ to set for the group.
       name:                  # (required) Name of the group to manage.
       state:                # Whether the group should be present or not onthe remote host.
       system:                # If `yes’, indicates that the group created is asystem group.

      下面我創(chuàng)建mysql組,將mysql用戶添加到mysql組中

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m group -a ‘name=mysql gid=306 system=yes’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “gid”: 306,
          “name”: “mysql”,
          “state”: “present”,
          “system”: true
      }

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m user -a ‘name=mysql uid=306 system=yes group=mysql’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “comment”: “”,
          “create_home”: true,
          “group”: 306,
          “home”: “/home/mysql”,
          “name”: “mysql”,
          “shell”: “/bin/bash”,
          “state”: “present”,
          “system”: true,
          “uid”: 306
      }

      5 copy 模塊
      ansible中的copy模塊用于實現(xiàn)文件復制和批量下發(fā)文件。其中使用src來定義本地源文件路徑,使用dest定義被管理主機文件路徑,使用content則是通過指定信息內(nèi)容生成目標文件。

      [root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s copy                  #查看copy模塊指令
      – name: Copies files to remote locations
        copy:
            attributes:            # Attributes the file or directory should have. To get
                                    supported flags look
                                    at the man page for
                                    `chattr’ on the target
                                    system. This string
                                    should contain the
                                    attributes in the same
                                    order as the one
                                    displayed by `lsattr’.
                                    `=’ operator is
                                    assumed as default,
                                    otherwise `+’ or `-‘
                                    operators need to be
                                    included in the
                                    string.

      下面我將本地文件/etc/fstab復制到被管理主機上的/opt/fstab.bk,所有者設置為root,權限設置為640

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m copy -a ‘src=/etc/fstab dest=/opt/fstab.bk owner=root mode=644’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “checksum”: “a8b8566b1d9f28b55823c8f61f88d35d81014418”,
          “dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
          “gid”: 0,
          “group”: “root”,
          “md5sum”: “f25dda38d8c7bb5988c8607bc2a9a17b”,
          “mode”: “0644”,
          “owner”: “root”,
          “secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
          “size”: 595,
          “src”: “/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1540220785.51-128147354820010/source”,
          “state”: “file”,
          “uid”: 0
      }

      [root@web ~]# ll /opt/fstab.bk
      -rw-r–r–. 1 root root 595 10月 22 23:06 /opt/fstab.bk

      接著我將”hello”寫入“/opt/fstab.bk”

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m copy -a ‘content=”hello!” dest=/opt/fstab.bk’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “checksum”: “8f7d88e901a5ad3a05d8cc0de93313fd76028f8c”,
          “dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
          “gid”: 0,
          “group”: “root”,
          “md5sum”: “5a8dd3ad0756a93ded72b823b19dd877”,
          “mode”: “0644”,
          “owner”: “root”,
          “secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
          “size”: 6,
          “src”: “/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1540221051.34-78743719487515/source”,
          “state”: “file”,
          “uid”: 0
      }

      [root@web ~]# cat /opt/fstab.bk
      hello!

      6 file 模塊
      在ansible中使用file模塊來設置文件屬性。其中使用path指定文件路徑,使用src定義源文件路徑,使用name或dest來替換創(chuàng)建文件的符號鏈接。
      下面我將web服務器中的fstab.bk文件屬主設為mysql,屬組設為mysql,權限設為666

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m file -a ‘path=/opt/fstab.bk owner=mysql group=mysql mode=666’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “gid”: 306,
          “group”: “mysql”,
          “mode”: “0666”,
          “owner”: “mysql”,
          “path”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
          “secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
          “size”: 6,
          “state”: “file”,
          “uid”: 306
      }

      [root@web ~]# ll /opt/fstab.bk
      -rw-rw-rw-. 1 mysql mysql 6 10月 22 23:10 /opt/fstab.bk

      下面我為/opt/fstab.bk/創(chuàng)建一個鏈接文件

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m file -a ‘src=/opt/fstab.bk path=/opt/fstab.bk.link state=link’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk.link”,
          “gid”: 0,
          “group”: “root”,
          “mode”: “0777”,
          “owner”: “root”,
          “secontext”: “unconfined_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
          “size”: 13,
          “src”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
          “state”: “link”,
          “uid”: 0
      }

      [root@web opt]# ll fstab.bk.link
      lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 10月 22 23:23 fstab.bk.link -> /opt/fstab.bk

      7 ping 模塊
      在ansible中使用ping模塊來檢測指定主機的連通性

      [root@promote ~]# ansible all -m ping     
      192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
          “changed”: false,
          “ping”: “pong”
      }
      192.168.199.131 | SUCCESS => {
          “changed”: false,
          “ping”: “pong”
      }

      8 yum 模塊
      ansible中的yum模塊負責在被管理主機上安裝與卸載軟件包,但是需要提前在每個節(jié)點配置自己的yum倉庫。其中name指定要安裝的軟件包,還需要帶上軟件包的版本號,否則安裝最新的軟件包,使用state指定安裝軟件包的狀態(tài),present,latest用來表示安裝,absent表示卸載。

      [root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s yum
      – name: Manages packages with the `yum’ package manager
        yum:
            allow_downgrade:      # Specify if the named package and version is allowed
                                    to downgrade a maybe
                                    already installed
                                    higher version of that
                                    package.

      在web服務器上安裝httpd服務:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m yum -a ‘name=httpd’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “ansible_facts”: {
              “pkg_mgr”: “yum”
          },
          “changed”: true,
          “msg”: “warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEYnhttp://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/CentOS/7.5.1804/os/x86_64/Packages/apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64.rpm: [Errno 14] HTTP Error 302 – FoundnTrying other mirror.nImporting GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:n Userid    : “CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>”n Fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5n Package    : centos-release-7-4.1708.el7.centos.x86_64 (@anaconda)n From      : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7n”,
          “rc”: 0,
          “results”: [
              “Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksnLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilen * base: mirrors.njupt.edu.cnn * extras: mirrors.nju.edu.cnn * updates: mirrors.njupt.edu.cnnResolving Dependenciesn–> Running transaction checkn—> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installedn–> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Running transaction checkn—> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7_4.1 will be installedn—> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 will be installedn—> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installedn—> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 will be installedn–> Finished Dependency ResolutionnnDependencies Resolvednn================================================================================n Package          Arch        Version                    Repository    Sizen================================================================================nInstalling:n httpd            x86_64      2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1      updates      2.7 MnInstalling for dependencies:n apr              x86_64      1.4.8-3.el7_4.1            base          103 kn apr-util          x86_64      1.5.2-6.el7                base          92 kn httpd-tools      x86_64      2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1      updates        90 kn mailcap          noarch      2.1.41-2.el7                base          31 knnTransaction Summaryn================================================================================nInstall  1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)nnTotal download size: 3.0 MnInstalled size: 10 MnDownloading packages:nPublic key for mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm is not installednPublic key for httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm is not installedn——————————————————————————–nTotal                                              143 kB/s | 3.0 MB  00:21    nRetrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7nRunning transaction checknRunning transaction testnTransaction test succeedednRunning transactionn  Installing : apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64                                  1/5 n  Installing : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64                                  2/5 n  Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                    3/5 n  Installing : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch                                  4/5 n  Installing : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                          5/5 n  Verifying  : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch                                  1/5 n  Verifying  : httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                    2/5 n  Verifying  : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64                                  3/5 n  Verifying  : apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64                                  4/5 n  Verifying  : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                          5/5 nnInstalled:n  httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1                                          nnDependency Installed:n  apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7_4.1                  apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7  n  httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1    mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7  nnComplete!n”
          ]
      }

      [root@web ~]# rpm -q httpd                  #在web服務器上進行查看
      httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64

      卸載的命令為ansible web -m yum -a ‘name=httpd state=absent’ 這里為了我下面的實驗就先不卸載了

      9 service 模塊
      在ansible模塊中使用service模塊來控制管理服務的運行狀態(tài)。其中,使用enabled表示是否開機自動啟動,取值為true或者false;使用name定義服務名稱;使用state指定服務狀態(tài),取值分別為start,stopped,restarted.

      下面我先查看web服務器上的httpd服務的運行狀態(tài)

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘systemctl status httpd.service’
      192.168.199.130 | FAILED | rc=3 >>            #可以看到現(xiàn)在httpd服務是關閉狀態(tài)
      ● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
        Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)

      接著我開啟web服務器上的httpd服務,并設為開機自啟動

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m service -a ‘enabled=true name=httpd state=started’
      192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
          “changed”: false,
          “enabled”: true,
          “name”: “httpd”,
          “state”: “started”,
          “status”: {
      [root@web ~]# systemctl status httpd.service              #到web服務器上查看狀態(tài)
      ● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
        Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
        Active: active (running) since 一 2018-10-22 23:47:51 CST; 2min 58s ago          #可以看到服務為運行狀態(tài)

      最后我將web服務器的httpd服務進行關閉

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m service -a ‘name=httpd enabled=true state=stopped’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “enabled”: true,
          “name”: “httpd”,
          “state”: “stopped”,
          “status”: {
      [root@web ~]# systemctl status httpd.service          #再次到web服務器進行查看
      ● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
        Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
        Active: inactive (dead) since 一 2018-10-22 23:54:30 CST; 25s ago                        #可以看到httpd已經(jīng)關閉

      10 shell 模塊
      ansible中的shell模塊可以在被管理主機上運行命令,并支持像管道符號等功能的復雜命令。

      [root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s shell
      – name: Execute commands in nodes.
        shell:
            chdir:                # cd into this directory before running the command
            creates:              # a filename, when it already exists, this step will
                                    *not* be run.
            executable:            # change the shell used to execute the command. Should
                                    be an absolute path to
                                    the executable.
            free_form:            # (required) The shell module takes a free form command
                                    to run, as a string.
                                    There’s not an actual
                                    option named “free
                                    form”.  See the
                                    examples!
            removes:              # a filename, when it does not exist, this step will
                                    *not* be run.
            stdin:                # Set the stdin of the command directly to the
                                    specified value.
            warn:                  # if command warnings are on in ansible.cfg, do not
                                    warn about this
                                    particular line if set
                                    to no/false.

      下面我創(chuàng)建一個Jerry用戶,并為這個用戶設置密碼:

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m user -a ‘name=jerry’              #創(chuàng)建Jerry用戶
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “comment”: “”,
          “create_home”: true,
          “group”: 1001,
          “home”: “/home/jerry”,
          “name”: “jerry”,
          “shell”: “/bin/bash”,
          “state”: “present”,
          “system”: false,
          “uid”: 1001
      }
      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m shell -a ‘echo 123456 | passwd –stdin jerry’            #為用戶設置密碼為123456
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      更改用戶 jerry 的密碼 。
      passwd:所有的身份驗證令牌已經(jīng)成功更新。

      11 script 模塊
      ansible中的script模塊可以將本地腳本復制到被管理主機上進行運行。需要注意的是,使用相對路徑來指定腳本。

      [root@promote ~]# vim test.sh
      #!/bin/bash
      echo “this is test script” > /opt/script.txt
      chmod 666 /opt/script.txt                        #寫一個腳本,表示在/opt/創(chuàng)建一個script.txt文件,權限設為666

      [root@promote ~]# chmod +x test.sh
      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m script -a ‘test.sh’
      192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
          “changed”: true,
          “rc”: 0,
          “stderr”: “Shared connection to 192.168.199.130 closed.rn”,
          “stderr_lines”: [
              “Shared connection to 192.168.199.130 closed.”
          ],
          “stdout”: “”,
          “stdout_lines”: []
      }
      [root@web ~]# ls -l /opt/script.txt                    #到web服務器上進行查看
      -rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 20 10月 23 00:07 /opt/script.txt
      [root@web ~]# cat /opt/script.txt
      this is test script

      12 setup 模塊
      在ansible中使用setup模塊收集,查看被管理主機的facts(faces是ansible采集被管理主機設備信息的一個功能)。每個被管理主機在接受并運行管理命令之前,都會將自己的相關信息發(fā)送給控制主機。

      [root@promote ~]# ansible web -m setup          #對web服務器進行查看,顯示的信息非常多,這里我只選了一部分
      192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
          “ansible_facts”: {
              “ansible_all_ipv4_addresses”: [
                  “192.168.122.1”,
                  “192.168.199.130”
              ],
              “ansible_all_ipv6_addresses”: [
                  “fe80::a392:f598:b619:50”
              ],
              “ansible_apparmor”: {
                  “status”: “disabled”
              },
              “ansible_architecture”: “x86_64”,
              “ansible_bios_date”: “05/19/2017”,
              “ansible_bios_version”: “6.00”,
              “ansible_cmdline”: {
                  “BOOT_IMAGE”: “/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64”,
                  “LANG”: “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
                  “crashkernel”: “auto”,
                  “quiet”: true,
                  “rhgb”: true,
                  “ro”: true,
                  “root”: “UUID=1eead85f-d0ea-464e-b163-f9c7475dbf65”
              },
      ………..

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