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      解析PHP閉包及Clourse類方法的作用

      PHP Clourse(閉包類) 淺析

      0x00 前言

      閉包是指在創(chuàng)建時封裝周圍狀態(tài)的函數(shù)。即使閉包所在的環(huán)境不存在了,閉包中封裝的狀態(tài)依然存在。

      在 PHP 里所有的閉包都是 Clourse 類所實例化的一個對象,也就是說閉包與其他 PHP 對象沒有什么不同。而一個對象就必然有其方法和屬性,這篇文章將總結(jié) PHP 中閉包的基礎(chǔ)用法和 Clourse 類方法的作用。【推薦:PHP視頻教程】

      0x01 閉包基本用法

      下面看看最基本的閉包使用方法:

      <?php $hello = function ($word) {     return 'hello ' . $word; }; echo $hello('world'); // 輸出 hello world

      嘿,這段代碼最直觀的感受就是將一個函數(shù)賦值給了 $hello 變量,然后通過 $hello 直接調(diào)用它。但是這個閉包并沒有從父作用域中繼承變量(就是封裝周圍狀態(tài)),我們可以通過 use 關(guān)鍵字從閉包的父作用域繼承變量。示例如下:

      <?php $name = 'panda'; $hello = function () use ($name) {     return 'hello ' . $name; }; echo $hello(); // 輸出 hello panda

      PHP 7.1 起,use 不能傳入此類變量: superglobals、 $this 或者和參數(shù)重名。

      此外在使用 use 關(guān)鍵字時,父作用域的變量是通過值傳遞進(jìn)閉包的。也就是說一旦閉包創(chuàng)建完成,外部的變量即使修改也不會影響傳遞進(jìn)閉包內(nèi)的值(就是即使閉包所在的環(huán)境不存在了,閉包中封裝的狀態(tài)依然存在)。示例如下:

      <?php $name = 'panda'; $hello = function () use ($name) {     return 'hello ' . $name; }; $name = 'cat'; echo $hello(); // 輸出 hello panda

      傳遞變量的引用可以使閉包修改外部變量的值,示例如下:

      <?php $name = 'panda'; $changeName = function () use (&$name) {     $name = 'cat'; }; $changeName(); echo $name; // 輸出 cat

      注意:PHP 中傳遞對象時,默認(rèn)是以引用傳遞所以在閉包內(nèi)操作 use 傳遞的對象時需要特別注意。示例如下:

      <?php class Dog {     public $name = 'Wang Cai'; } $dog = new Dog(); $changeName = function () use ($dog) {     $dog->name = 'Lai Fu'; }; $changeName(); echo $dog->name; // 輸出 Lai Fu

      0x02 Clourse 類

      證明閉包只是 Clourse 類對象

      <?php $clourse = function () {     echo 'hello clourse'; }; if (is_object($clourse)) {     echo get_class($clourse); } // 輸出 Closure

      上面的代碼將輸出 Closure 證明了閉包只是一個普通的 Closure 類對象。

      Clourse 類摘要

      我們可以從 PHP 官方手冊 看到閉包類的相關(guān)信息,下面是我在 PhpStorm 的本地文檔查看到 Clourse 類摘要。

      /**  * Class used to represent anonymous functions.  * <p>Anonymous functions, implemented in PHP 5.3, yield objects of this type.  * This fact used to be considered an implementation detail, but it can now be relied upon.  * Starting with PHP 5.4, this class has methods that allow further control of the anonymous function after it has been created.  * <p>Besides the methods listed here, this class also has an __invoke method.  * This is for consistency with other classes that implement calling magic, as this method is not used for calling the function.  * @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.closure.php  */ final class Closure {     /**      * This method exists only to disallow instantiation of the Closure class.      * Objects of this class are created in the fashion described on the anonymous functions page.      * @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/closure.construct.php      */     private function __construct() { }     /**      * This is for consistency with other classes that implement calling magic,      * as this method is not used for calling the function.      * @param mixed $_ [optional]      * @return mixed      * @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.closure.php      */     public function __invoke(...$_) { }     /**      * Duplicates the closure with a new bound object and class scope      * @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/closure.bindto.php      * @param object $newthis The object to which the given anonymous function should be bound, or NULL for the closure to be unbound.      * @param mixed $newscope The class scope to which associate the closure is to be associated, or 'static' to keep the current one.      * If an object is given, the type of the object will be used instead.      * This determines the visibility of protected and private methods of the bound object.      * @return Closure Returns the newly created Closure object or FALSE on failure      */     function bindTo($newthis, $newscope = 'static') { }     /**      * This method is a static version of Closure::bindTo().      * See the documentation of that method for more information.      * @static      * @link http://www.php.net/manual/en/closure.bind.php      * @param Closure $closure The anonymous functions to bind.      * @param object $newthis The object to which the given anonymous function should be bound, or NULL for the closure to be unbound.      * @param mixed $newscope The class scope to which associate the closure is to be associated, or 'static' to keep the current one.      * If an object is given, the type of the object will be used instead.      * This determines the visibility of protected and private methods of the bound object.      * @return Closure Returns the newly created Closure object or FALSE on failure      */     static function bind(Closure $closure, $newthis, $newscope = 'static') { }     /**      * Temporarily binds the closure to newthis, and calls it with any given parameters.      * @link http://php.net/manual/en/closure.call.php      * @param object $newThis The object to bind the closure to for the duration of the call.      * @param mixed $parameters [optional] Zero or more parameters, which will be given as parameters to the closure.      * @return mixed      * @since 7.0      */     function call ($newThis, ...$parameters) {}          /**      * @param callable $callable      * @return Closure      * @since 7.1      */     public static function fromCallable (callable $callable) {} }

      首先 Clourse 類為 final 類,也就是說它將無法被繼承,其次它的構(gòu)造函數(shù) __construct 被設(shè)為 private 即無法通過 new 關(guān)鍵字實例化閉包對象,這兩點保證了閉包只能通過 function (…) use(…) {…} 這種語法實例化 。

      為什么閉包可以當(dāng)作函數(shù)執(zhí)行?

      從上面的類摘要中我們看出 Clourse 類實現(xiàn)了 __invoke 方法,在 PHP 官方手冊中對該方法解釋如下:

      當(dāng)嘗試以調(diào)用函數(shù)的方式調(diào)用一個對象時,__invoke() 方法會被自動調(diào)用。

      這就是閉包可以被當(dāng)作函數(shù)執(zhí)行的原因。

      綁定指定的$this對象和類作用域

      在允許使用閉包路由的框架中(如:Slim),我們可以看見如下寫法:

      $app->get('/test', function () {     echo $this->request->getMethod(); });

      在一個閉包居然能中使用 $this?這個 $this 指向哪個對象?

      通過 bindTo 和 bind 方法都能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)綁定 $this 和類作用域的功能,示例如下:

      <?php class Pandas {     public $num = 1; } $pandas = new Pandas(); $add = function () {     echo ++$this->num . PHP_EOL; }; $newAdd1 = $add->bindTo($pandas); $newAdd1(); // 輸出 2 $newAdd2 = Closure::bind($add, $pandas); $newAdd2(); // 輸出 3

      上面的這段例子將指定對象綁定為閉包的 $this,但是我們并沒有指定類作用域。所以如果將 Pandas 類的 $num 屬性改寫為 protected 或 private 則會拋出一個致命錯誤!

      Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Cannot access protected property Pandas::$num

      在需要訪問綁定對象的非公開屬性或方法時,我們需要指定類作用域,示例如下:

      <?php class Pandas {     protected $num = 1; } $pandas = new Pandas(); $add = function () {     echo ++$this->num . PHP_EOL; }; $newAdd1 = $add->bindTo($pandas, $pandas); $newAdd1(); // 輸出 2 $newAdd2 = Closure::bind($add, $pandas, 'Pandas'); $newAdd2(); // 輸出 3

      這里我們看見 bindTo 和 bind 方法都指定了 $newscope 參數(shù),$newscope 參數(shù)默認(rèn)為 static 即不改變類作用域。$newscope 參數(shù)接受類名或?qū)ο?,并將閉包的類作用域改為指定的類作用域,此時 Pandas 類的 $num 屬性便能夠被閉包訪問。

      一次性綁定 $this 對象和類作用域并執(zhí)行(PHP7)

      bindTo 和 bind 方法每次指定新的對象和類作用域時都要將原閉包進(jìn)行復(fù)制然后返回新的閉包,在需要多次修改綁定對象的情景下便顯得繁瑣,所以 PHP7 提供了一個新的方法 call 它能將閉包臨時的綁定到一個對象中(類作用域同時被修改為該對象所屬的類)并執(zhí)行。示例如下:

      <?php class Pandas {     protected $num = 1; } $pandas = new Pandas(); $add = function ($num) {     $this->num += $num;     echo $this->num . PHP_EOL; }; $add->call($pandas, 5); // 輸出 6

      Callable 轉(zhuǎn)為閉包(PHP7.1)

      在 PHP7.1 中 Closure 類存在 fromCallable 方法能夠?qū)?callable 類型的值轉(zhuǎn)為閉包,示例如下:

      <?php class Foo {     protected $num = 1;     public static function hello(string $bar)     {         echo 'hello ' . $bar;     } } $hello = Closure::fromCallable(['Foo', 'hello']); $hello('world');

      這種寫法還是挺爽的畢竟通過閉包調(diào)用總比用 call_user_func 函數(shù)調(diào)用爽的多^_^。

      0x03 總結(jié)

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