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變更檢測(cè)是Angular中很重要的一部分,也就是模型和視圖之間保持同步。在日常開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中,我們無(wú)需了解變更檢測(cè),因?yàn)锳ngular都幫我們完成了這一部分工作,讓開(kāi)發(fā)人員更加專(zhuān)注于業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn),提高開(kāi)發(fā)效率和開(kāi)發(fā)體驗(yàn)。但是如果想要深入使用框架,或者想要寫(xiě)出高性能的代碼而不僅僅只是實(shí)現(xiàn)了功能,就必須要去了解變更檢測(cè),它可以幫助我們更好的理解框架,調(diào)試錯(cuò)誤,提高性能等?!鞠嚓P(guān)教程推薦:《angular教程》】
Angular的DOM更新機(jī)制
我們先來(lái)看一個(gè)小例子。
當(dāng)我們點(diǎn)擊按鈕的時(shí)候,改變了name屬性,同時(shí)DOM自動(dòng)被更新成新的name值。
那現(xiàn)在有一個(gè)問(wèn)題,如果我改變name的值后,緊接著把DOM中的innerText輸出出來(lái),它會(huì)是什么值呢?
import { Component, ViewChild, ElementRef } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'my-app', templateUrl: './app.component.html', styleUrls: [ './app.component.css' ] }) export class AppComponent { name = 'Empty'; @ViewChild('textContainer') textContainer: ElementRef; normalClick(): void { this.name = 'Hello Angular'; console.log(this.textContainer.nativeElement.innerText); } }
你答對(duì)了嗎?
那這兩段代碼中到底發(fā)生了什么呢?
如果我們用原生JS來(lái)編寫(xiě)這段代碼,那么點(diǎn)擊按鈕后的視圖肯定不會(huì)發(fā)生任何變化,而在Angular中卻讓視圖發(fā)生了變化,那它為什么會(huì)自動(dòng)把視圖更新了呢?這離不開(kāi)一個(gè)叫做zone.js的庫(kù),簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),它是對(duì)發(fā)生值改變的事件做了一些處理,這個(gè)會(huì)在后面的部分詳細(xì)講解,這里暫時(shí)知道這個(gè)就可以了。
如果我不想讓這個(gè)庫(kù)做這些處理,Angular還為我們提供了禁用zone.js的方法。
可以在main.ts中設(shè)置禁用zone.js。
import { enableProdMode } from '@angular/core'; import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic'; import { AppModule } from './app/app.module'; import { environment } from './environments/environment'; if (environment.production) { enableProdMode(); } platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule, { ngZone: 'noop' }) .catch(err => console.error(err));
當(dāng)我們禁用zone.js,視圖并未發(fā)生更新。到源碼里找一下視圖更新的相關(guān)代碼。
*/ class ApplicationRef { /** @internal */ constructor(_zone, _injector, _exceptionHandler, _initStatus) { this._zone = _zone; this._injector = _injector; this._exceptionHandler = _exceptionHandler; this._initStatus = _initStatus; /** @internal */ this._bootstrapListeners = []; this._views = []; this._runningTick = false; this._stable = true; this._destroyed = false; this._destroyListeners = []; /** * Get a list of component types registered to this application. * This list is populated even before the component is created. */ this.componentTypes = []; /** * Get a list of components registered to this application. */ this.components = []; this._onMicrotaskEmptySubscription = this._zone.onMicrotaskEmpty.subscribe({ next: () => { this._zone.run(() => { this.tick(); }); } }); ... } /** * Invoke this method to explicitly process change detection and its side-effects. * * In development mode, `tick()` also performs a second change detection cycle to ensure that no * further changes are detected. If additional changes are picked up during this second cycle, * bindings in the app have side-effects that cannot be resolved in a single change detection * pass. * In this case, Angular throws an error, since an Angular application can only have one change * detection pass during which all change detection must complete. */ tick() { NG_DEV_MODE && this.warnIfDestroyed(); if (this._runningTick) { const errorMessage = (typeof ngDevMode === 'undefined' || ngDevMode) ? 'ApplicationRef.tick is called recursively' : ''; throw new RuntimeError(101 /* RuntimeErrorCode.RECURSIVE_APPLICATION_REF_TICK */, errorMessage); } try { this._runningTick = true; for (let view of this._views) { view.detectChanges(); } if (typeof ngDevMode === 'undefined' || ngDevMode) { for (let view of this._views) { view.checkNoChanges(); } } } catch (e) { // Attention: Don't rethrow as it could cancel subscriptions to Observables! this._zone.runOutsideAngular(() => this._exceptionHandler.handleError(e)); } finally { this._runningTick = false; } } }
大致解讀一下,這個(gè)ApplicationRef是Angular整個(gè)應(yīng)用的實(shí)例,在構(gòu)造函數(shù)中,zone(zone庫(kù))的onMicrotaskEmpty(從名字上看是一個(gè)清空微任務(wù)的一個(gè)subject)訂閱了一下。在訂閱里,調(diào)用了tick(),那tick里做了什么呢?
思考: 上次說(shuō)了最好訂閱不要放到constructor里去訂閱,這里怎么這么不規(guī)范呢?
當(dāng)然不是,上次我們說(shuō)的是Angular組件里哪些應(yīng)該放constructor,哪些應(yīng)該放ngOnInit里的情況。但這里,ApplicationRef人家是一個(gè)service呀,只能將初始化的代碼放constructor。
在tick函數(shù)里,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)tick函數(shù)正在執(zhí)行,則會(huì)拋出異常,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)是整個(gè)應(yīng)用的實(shí)例,不能遞歸調(diào)用。然后,遍歷了所有個(gè)views,然后每個(gè)view都執(zhí)行了detectChanges(),也就是執(zhí)行了下變更檢測(cè),什么是變更檢測(cè),會(huì)在后面詳細(xì)講解。緊接著,如果是devMode,再次遍歷所有的views,每個(gè)view執(zhí)行了checkNoChanges(),檢查一下有沒(méi)有變化,有變化則會(huì)拋錯(cuò)(后面會(huì)詳細(xì)說(shuō)這個(gè)問(wèn)題,暫時(shí)跳過(guò))。
那好了,現(xiàn)在也知道怎么能讓它更新了,就是要調(diào)用一下ApplicationRef的tick方法。
import { Component, ViewChild, ElementRef, ApplicationRef } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'app-root', templateUrl: './app.component.html', styleUrls: ['./app.component.scss'] }) export class AppComponent { name = 'Empty'; @ViewChild('textContainer') textContainer: ElementRef = {} as any; constructor(private app: ApplicationRef){} normalClick(): void { this.name = 'Hello Angular'; console.log(this.textContainer.nativeElement.innerText); this.app.tick(); } }
果然,可以正常的更新視圖了。
我們來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單梳理一下,DOM的更新依賴(lài)于tick() 的觸發(fā),zone.js幫助開(kāi)發(fā)者無(wú)需手動(dòng)觸發(fā)這個(gè)操作。好了,現(xiàn)在可以把zone.js啟用了。
那什么是變更檢測(cè)呢?繼續(xù)期待下一篇哦。