站長資訊網(wǎng)歸并排序（Merge sort）是建立在歸并操作上的一種有效的排序算法。該算法是采用分治法（Divide and Conquer）的一個(gè)非常典型的應(yīng)用。
作為一種典型的分而治之思想的算法應(yīng)用，歸并排序的實(shí)現(xiàn)由兩種方法：
- 自上而下的遞歸（所有遞歸的方法都可以用迭代重寫，所以就有了第 2 種方法）；
- 自下而上的迭代；
在《數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)與算法 JavaScript 描述》中，作者給出了自下而上的迭代方法。但是對(duì)于遞歸法，作者卻認(rèn)為：
However, it is not possible to do so in JavaScript, as the recursion goes too deep for the language to handle.
然而，在 JavaScript 中這種方式不太可行，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)算法的遞歸深度對(duì)它來講太深了。
說實(shí)話，我不太理解這句話。意思是 JavaScript 編譯器內(nèi)存太小，遞歸太深容易造成內(nèi)存溢出嗎？還望有大神能夠指教。
和選擇排序一樣，歸并排序的性能不受輸入數(shù)據(jù)的影響，但表現(xiàn)比選擇排序好的多，因?yàn)槭冀K都是 O(nlogn) 的時(shí)間復(fù)雜度。代價(jià)是需要額外的內(nèi)存空間。
2. 算法步驟
-
申請空間，使其大小為兩個(gè)已經(jīng)排序序列之和，該空間用來存放合并后的序列；
-
設(shè)定兩個(gè)指針，最初位置分別為兩個(gè)已經(jīng)排序序列的起始位置；
-
比較兩個(gè)指針?biāo)赶虻脑?，選擇相對(duì)小的元素放入到合并空間，并移動(dòng)指針到下一位置；
-
重復(fù)步驟 3 直到某一指針達(dá)到序列尾；
-
將另一序列剩下的所有元素直接復(fù)制到合并序列尾。
3. 動(dòng)圖演示
代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)
JavaScript
實(shí)例
var len = arr.length;
if(len < 2) {
return arr;
}
var middle = Math.floor(len / 2),
left = arr.slice(0, middle),
right = arr.slice(middle);
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right));
}
function merge(left, right)
{
var result = [];
while (left.length && right.length) {
if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
result.push(left.shift());
} else {
result.push(right.shift());
}
}
while (left.length)
result.push(left.shift());
while (right.length)
result.push(right.shift());
return result;
}
Python
實(shí)例
import math
if(len(arr)<2):
return arr
middle = math.floor(len(arr)/2)
left, right = arr[0:middle], arr[middle:]
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
def merge(left,right):
result = []
while left and right:
if left[0] <= right[0]:
result.append(left.pop(0));
else:
result.append(right.pop(0));
while left:
result.append(left.pop(0));
while right:
result.append(right.pop(0));
return result
Go
實(shí)例
length := len(arr)
if length < 2 {
return arr
}
middle := length / 2
left := arr[0:middle]
right := arr[middle:]
return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
}
func merge(left []int, right []int) []int {
var result []int
for len(left) != 0 && len(right) != 0 {
if left[0] <= right[0] {
result = append(result, left[0])
left = left[1:]
} else {
result = append(result, right[0])
right = right[1:]
}
}
for len(left) != 0 {
result = append(result, left[0])
left = left[1:]
}
for len(right) != 0 {
result = append(result, right[0])
right = right[1:]
}
return result
}
Java
實(shí)例
@Override
public int[] sort(int[] sourceArray) throws Exception {
// 對(duì) arr 進(jìn)行拷貝，不改變參數(shù)內(nèi)容
int[] arr = Arrays.copyOf(sourceArray, sourceArray.length);
if (arr.length < 2) {
return arr;
}
int middle = (int) Math.floor(arr.length / 2);
int[] left = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 0, middle);
int[] right = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, middle, arr.length);
return merge(sort(left), sort(right));
}
protected int[] merge(int[] left, int[] right) {
int[] result = new int[left.length + right.length];
int i = 0;
while (left.length > 0 && right.length > 0) {
if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
result[i++] = left[0];
left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
} else {
result[i++] = right[0];
right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
}
}
while (left.length > 0) {
result[i++] = left[0];
left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
}
while (right.length > 0) {
result[i++] = right[0];
right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
}
return result;
}
}
PHP
實(shí)例
{
$len = count($arr);
if ($len < 2) {
return $arr;
}
$middle = floor($len / 2);
$left = array_slice($arr, 0, $middle);
$right = array_slice($arr, $middle);
return merge(mergeSort($left), mergeSort($right));
}
function merge($left, $right)
{
$result = [];
while (count($left) > 0 && count($right) > 0) {
if ($left[0] <= $right[0]) {
$result[] = array_shift($left);
} else {
$result[] = array_shift($right);
}
}
while (count($left))
$result[] = array_shift($left);
while (count($right))
$result[] = array_shift($right);
return $result;
}
C
實(shí)例
return x < y ? x : y;
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], int len) {
int *a = arr;
int *b = (int *) malloc(len * sizeof(int));
int seg, start;
for (seg = 1; seg < len; seg += seg) {
for (start = 0; start < len; start += seg * 2) {
int low = start, mid = min(start + seg, len), high = min(start + seg * 2, len);
int k = low;
int start1 = low, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid, end2 = high;
while (start1 < end1 && start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start1] < a[start2] ? a[start1++] : a[start2++];
while (start1 < end1)
b[k++] = a[start1++];
while (start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start2++];
}
int *temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
if (a != arr) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
b[i] = a[i];
b = a;
}
free(b);
}
遞歸版：
實(shí)例
if (start >= end)
return;
int len = end – start, mid = (len >> 1) + start;
int start1 = start, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid + 1, end2 = end;
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, start1, end1);
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, start2, end2);
int k = start;
while (start1 <= end1 && start2 <= end2)
reg[k++] = arr[start1] < arr[start2] ? arr[start1++] : arr[start2++];
while (start1 <= end1)
reg[k++] = arr[start1++];
while (start2 <= end2)
reg[k++] = arr[start2++];
for (k = start; k <= end; k++)
arr[k] = reg[k];
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], const int len) {
int reg[len];
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, 0, len – 1);
}
C++
迭代版：
實(shí)例
void merge_sort(T arr[], int len) {
T *a = arr;
T *b = new T[len];
for (int seg = 1; seg < len; seg += seg) {
for (int start = 0; start < len; start += seg + seg) {
int low = start, mid = min(start + seg, len), high = min(start + seg + seg, len);
int k = low;
int start1 = low, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid, end2 = high;
while (start1 < end1 && start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start1] < a[start2] ? a[start1++] : a[start2++];
while (start1 < end1)
b[k++] = a[start1++];
while (start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start2++];
}
T *temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
if (a != arr) {
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
b[i] = a[i];
b = a;
}
delete[] b;
}
遞歸版：
實(shí)例
// preconditions:
// Array[front…mid] is sorted
// Array[mid+1 … end] is sorted
// Copy Array[front … mid] to LeftSubArray
// Copy Array[mid+1 … end] to RightSubArray
vector<int> LeftSubArray(Array.begin() + front, Array.begin() + mid + 1);
vector<int> RightSubArray(Array.begin() + mid + 1, Array.begin() + end + 1);
int idxLeft = 0, idxRight = 0;
LeftSubArray.insert(LeftSubArray.end(), numeric_limits<int>::max());
RightSubArray.insert(RightSubArray.end(), numeric_limits<int>::max());
// Pick min of LeftSubArray[idxLeft] and RightSubArray[idxRight], and put into Array[i]
for (int i = front; i <= end; i++) {
if (LeftSubArray[idxLeft] < RightSubArray[idxRight]) {
Array[i] = LeftSubArray[idxLeft];
idxLeft++;
} else {
Array[i] = RightSubArray[idxRight];
idxRight++;
}
}
}
void MergeSort(vector<int> &Array, int front, int end) {
if (front >= end)
return;
int mid = (front + end) / 2;
MergeSort(Array, front, mid);
MergeSort(Array, mid + 1, end);
Merge(Array, front, mid, end);
}
C#
實(shí)例
if (lst.Count <= 1)
return lst;
int mid = lst.Count / 2;
List<int> left = new List<int>(); // 定義左側(cè)List
List<int> right = new List<int>(); // 定義右側(cè)List
// 以下兩個(gè)循環(huán)把 lst 分為左右兩個(gè) List
for (int i = 0; i < mid; i++)
left.Add(lst[i]);
for (int j = mid; j < lst.Count; j++)
right.Add(lst[j]);
left = sort(left);
right = sort(right);
return merge(left, right);
}
/// <summary>
/// 合併兩個(gè)已經(jīng)排好序的List
/// </summary>
/// <param name="left">左側(cè)List</param>
/// <param name="right">右側(cè)List</param>
/// <returns></returns>
static List<int> merge(List<int> left, List<int> right) {
List<int> temp = new List<int>();
while (left.Count > 0 && right.Count > 0) {
if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
temp.Add(left[0]);
left.RemoveAt(0);
} else {
temp.Add(right[0]);
right.RemoveAt(0);
}
}
if (left.Count > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < left.Count; i++)
temp.Add(left[i]);
}
if (right.Count > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < right.Count; i++)
temp.Add(right[i]);
}
return temp;
}
Ruby
實(shí)例
return list if list.size < 2
pivot = list.size / 2
# Merge
lambda { |left, right|
final = []
until left.empty? or right.empty?
final << if left.first < right.first; left.shift else right.shift end
end
final + left + right
}.call merge(list[0…pivot]), merge(list[pivot..–1])
end
參考地址：
https://github.com/hustcc/JS-Sorting-Algorithm/blob/master/5.mergeSort.md
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E5%B9%B6%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F
